Radiography
Volume 13, Issue 1 , Pages 35-43 , February 2007

Radiation protection of female patients of reproductive capacity: A survey of policy and practice in Norway

  • Blanca Krovak

      Affiliations

    • Abbediengveien 4, Oslo University College, 0275 Oslo, Norway
    • Please note that the affiliation of Blanca Krovak will change shortly, as she is graduating from Oslo University College and will be taking up a new post elsewhere (no address as yet).
    • ,
  • Julie Nightingale

      Affiliations

    • Directorate of Radiography, School of Health Care Professions, Allerton Building, University of Salford, Salford, Greater Manchester, M6 6PU, UK
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Tel.: +44 161 295 2158.

Received 25 May 2005 ,Accepted 17 October 2005.

References 

  1. Martin CJ, Dendy PP, Corbett RH. Medical imaging and radiation protection for medical students and clinical staff. London: British Institute of Radiology; 2003;
  2. Sharp C, Shrimpton JA, Bury RF. Diagnostic medical exposures: advice on exposure to ionising radiation during pregnancy. Joint guidance of NRPB Chilton: College of Radiographers and Royal College of Radiologists, NRPB; 1998;
  3. Osei EK, Faulkner K. Radiation risks from exposure to diagnostic X-rays during pregnancy. Radiography. 2000;6:131–144
  4. Olerud H (Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority). Bruk av røntgendiagnostikk i Norge: Stråledoser til pasienten ved ulike undersøkelser [Use of radiodiagnostical method in Norway: radiation doses from miscellaneous examinations] [presented at Seminar on Radiation Protection, Oslo University College, 09/05/2003]. <http://www.hf.hio.no/radiograf/ek…s/straalevern/> [accessed 16.06.03] [Author: www.nrpa.no].
  5. Council of the European Union, Euratom Directive (Council Directive 97/43/Euratom – the Medical Exposures Directive), on health protection of individuals against the dangers of ionising radiation in relation to medical exposure, 30 June 1997. Article 10 (special protection in pregnancy and breastfeeding) <www.europa.eu.int/comm/energy/nuclear/radioprotection/doc/legislation/9743_en.pdf> [accessed 09.10.05].
  6. Ionising Radiation (Medical Exposure) Regulations . Statutory Instrument 2000 No. 1059. The Stationary Office; 2000;<www.legislation.hmso.gov.uk/si/si2000/20001059.htm>[accessed 8.10.05]
  7. European Commission . Guidance for protection of unborn children and infants irradiated due to parental medical exposures. Radiation Protection 100 Directorate – General Environment, Nuclear Safety and Civil Protection; 1998;
  8. International Commission on Radiation Protection (ICRP) 84 . Pregnancy and medical radiation. 2000;
  9. Mettler FA, Brent RL, Streffer C, Wagner L. Pregnancy and medical radiation. In:  Valentin J editors. Annals of the international commission on radiological protection. vol. 30 publication 84:Oxford: Elsevier Science; 2000;
  10. Forskrift om strålevern og bruk av stråling. §32. Kvinner i fertil alder [Directives on considering about radiation protection and the use of radiation: No. 32: women of childbearing age]. In: Norsk Lovtidend avd I nr 15; 2003. Available from: <http://www.lovdata.no/ltavd1/lt2003/t2003-1-15-45.html>
  11. Plaut S. Radiation protection in the X-ray department. London: Butterworth-Heinemann; 1993;
  12. Bochicchio GV, Napolitano LM, Haan J, Champion H, Scalea T. Incidental pregnancy in trauma patients. J Am Coll Surg. 2001;192(5):566–569
  13. Cox R, MacGibbon BH for NRPB. Diagnostic medical exposures: exposure to ionising radiation of pregnant women. Doc NRPB. 1993;4(4):
  14. Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine . Medical and dental guidance notes. York: Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine; 2002;
  15. Statkiewicz-Sherer MA, Visconti P, Ritenour ER. Radiation protection in medical radiography. Mosby: St. Louis; 1993;
  16. Bury B, Hufton A, Adams J. Radiation and women of childbearing potential. [Editorial] BMJ. 1995;310:1022–1023
  17. Vinorum A. Radiografer og strålehygiene – en kvalitativ studie fra 5 radiologiske avdelinger i Syd-Norge. HiO-notat 1998 nr 23 (Radiographers and radiation protection – a qualitative study from five radiological departments in Southern Norway. HiO-notat 1998 nr 23), Oslo [Oslo]: Avdeling for helsefag, Høgskolen i Oslo [Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo University College]; 1998;
  18. Kitzinger S. Pregnancy and childbirth. London: Dorling Kindersley Ltd; 1989;p. 26–137 [seen in: Osei EK, Faulkner K. Radiation risks from exposure to diagnostic X-rays during pregnancy. Radiography 2000;6:131–144]
  19. El-Khoury GY, Madsen MT, Blake ME, Yankowitz J. A new pregnancy policy for a new era. AJR. 2003;181:335–340
  20. Marshall G. The purpose, design and administration of a questionnaire for data collection. Radiography. 2005;11:131–136
  21. Roberts K, Taylor B. Nursing research processes: an Australian perspective. South Melbourne Victoria: Nelson Thomson Learning; 1998;
  22. Social and Health Directorates' list of addresses and telephone numbers of radiological departments (2003). Available from: <http://shdir.lex.no/4DACTION/WA_Gruppe/[Gr=1050]/[Gr=1211]/>.
  23. Brent RL, Mettler FA. Pregnancy policy. AJR. 2004;182:819–822
  24. Radiological Protection Institute of Ireland . Guidelines on the implementation of radiation protection measures during diagnostic medical exposures of female patients of reproductive capacity. Regulatory Service RPII; August 2000;
  25. Stoppard Miriam . Unnfangelse, svangerskap og fødsel (Conception, pregnancy and birth), Oslo: N.W.Damm&sønn as [N.W.Damm and Son Ltd.]; 2003;
  26. Hammer-Jacobsen E. Therapeutic abortion on account of X-ray examinations during pregnancy. Dan Med Bull. 1959;6:113
  27. Bakke K. Røntgen – en risiko? Befolkningens syn på risiko ved medisinsk strålebruk (X-rays – a risk? Population's view on risk from use of radiation for medical purposes), Oslo [Oslo]: Høgskolen i Akershus [Akershus College]; 2000;
  28. Ratnapalan S, Bona N, Chandra K, Koren G. Physicians' perceptions of teratogenic risk associated with radiography and CT during early pregnancy. AJR. 2004;182:1107–1109
  29. American College of Radiologists, ACR Digest of Council Actions. Sec II, 45,H.1. Reston, VA: ACR; 1994.
  30. Brent RL. The effect of embryonic and foetal exposure to X-ray, microwaves, and ultrasound: counselling the pregnant and non-pregnant patient about these risks. Semin Oncol. 1989;16:347–368[seen in: Osei EK, Faulkner K. Radiation risks from exposure to diagnostic X-rays during pregnancy. Radiography, 2000;6:131–144]
  31. Russell JGB. Diagnostic radiation, pregnancy and termination. Br J Radiol. 1989;62:92–93
  32. Dowd SB, Tilson ER. Practical radiation protection and applied radiobiology. 2nd ed.. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1999;

☆ This research formed part of an undergraduate award supported by Oslo University College.

PII: S1078-8174(05)00152-5

doi: 10.1016/j.radi.2005.10.003

Radiography
Volume 13, Issue 1 , Pages 35-43 , February 2007

Article Tools